Nothing is more fun for me than planning, purchasing, and assembling all of the components for a custom-built system. That's why I like repairing computers. However, most people are unsure of where to begin when assembling a custom-built computer. So here is the ultimate guide for building your own custom computer.

I have been building and repairing computers since the late '90s and have assembled hundreds of systems. What got me started building custom computers was the fact that I couldn't upgrade the graphics processor inside the Packard-Bell system I had.

Long story short, I contacted the manufacturer of the graphics processor installed on the motherboard and was informed that Packard-Bell had ordered the graphics chip with one of its pins disabled. That way, I would have to go back to Packard-Bell to get an upgraded chip.

I decided to build a computer instead and have been running custom-built computers ever since. In fact, I just recently recycled one of my very first AT cases (it had six (6) 5.25" bays and was over three (3) feet tall). So, without further ado, let's start planning, purchasing, and assembling your custom-built computer.

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Planning your computer

Understanding technical jargon

If you need to become more familiar with the technical jargon surrounding computer components, this is the ideal place to start. Understanding the jargon used with computer components is essential to the success of your custom computer build. Let's examine the vocabulary related to building a custom computer.

Defining confusing computer hardware verbiage

Balancing style and performance

It's an age-old problem: Form vs. function. Do you want a sleek-looking computer that takes up minimal space or one that can handle multiple graphics cards and run games with intensive graphics? Let's take a look at some of the things you should consider when planning out our custom-built computer.

Things to keep in mind when building a custom-built computer

Common mistakes to avoid

Sometimes, the simplest things can become problems. For example, using plastic-coated wire twist ties instead of plastic zip ties for cable management or installing case fans with the incorrect air flow direction. These common mistakes can cause problems down the road. Let's take care of them right here and now.

Common problems to avoid when building your own computer

Choosing the perfect case

Your computer case is a reflection of you and your style. You can get one with a ton of glass and lights or one that is basic with no bells and whistles. It's entirely up to you. Let's look at some of your options when selecting a computer case.

Tips for choosing the perfect case for your computer

Choosing the perfect motherboard

The motherboard is likely the most important component you will choose. With so many options, like the different types of I/O connectors and the number and type of PCIe expansion slots, choosing a motherboard can be daunting. So, let's take a closer look at finding the right motherboard.

Tips for choosing the right motherboard for your custom-built computer

Choosing the perfect GPU

When someone is planning on building a computer for gaming, this is usually the first component they look at. Whether you plan on surfing the web and watching cat videos or are planning a multi-monitor gaming rig, the graphics card you choose is important. So, let's take a deeper dive into graphics cards.

Tips for choosing the right graphics card for your custom-built computer

Choosing the perfect CPU cooler

Keeping your CPU cool is a major priority, as is selecting the right CPU cooler. Should you opt for an air-cooled heatsink or a liquid-cooled heatsink with a pump and radiator? Are you planning on overclocking your CPU? Let's examine the options for choosing a CPU cooler.

Tips for choosing the right CPU cooler for your custom-built computer

Choosing the perfect PSU

By now, you should have a good idea of what components you will use to build your computer, so it is time to decide on a power supply. With your choice of case, motherboard, and graphics card(s), you should be able to determine the best power supply for your computer. Let's examine how to determine the amount of power your computer will require.

How to estimate the power required for your custom-built computer

Purchasing the components

You should now have a list of parts you want to use to build your computer. The trick is to make sure that all of them are compatible. Since you will probably be ordering most, if not all, of the components online, why not check their compatibility online as well? Let's look at some online resources for selecting and purchasing computer components.

How to find compatible computer parts online

Assembling your computer

At this point, you should have all the parts needed to assemble your computer. The following article describes how I typically build a computer. It is lengthy, but it includes plenty of images to guide you through your computer build.

How to build a computer

Are you planning to build your own computer? It can be an exciting project, as you get to choose the components that match your needs and preferences. However, building a computer from scratch can also come with its own set of challenges and errors. In this article, we will discuss the common problems to avoid when building your own computer.

Having built and serviced many custom-built computers, there are certain things I watch out for. The tips outlined in this article are meant to assist you in building your own computer. For the basic steps to building a custom computer, check out How to build a computer.

Choosing components: One of the most common mistakes people make when building their own computer is selecting the wrong components. You must choose components that are compatible with one another. For example, if you choose a motherboard that only supports DDR4 RAM, you won't be able to use DDR5 RAM, no matter how much you want to.

How to find compatible computer parts online

Enough space for components: When building a computer, it's essential to make sure that you have enough space inside the case for all the components. If you're building a Small Form Factor computer, make sure that all the components you choose can fit inside the case. It's also essential to make sure that there is enough space for adequate cooling and airflow. Remember, you cannot install a full-size ATX motherboard into a microATX case.

Things to keep in mind when building a custom-built computer

Motherboard IO shield: If your motherboard comes with a separate IO shield, remember you have to install it before the motherboard. Also, be careful when installing the motherboard so you do not bend any of the prongs on the IO shield.

These prongs are meant to ground the various ports, but often get bent out of shape. Install the IO shield in the case, and then test-fit the motherboard into the case. If you place the motherboard at an angle in the case, you can get the ports on the back underneath any IO shield prongs that need to be on top of them.

Cable Management: Cable management is often overlooked, but it's essential to keep your computer tidy and organized. Proper cable management can help with airflow, reduce dust buildup, and make it easier to troubleshoot any problems. Make sure that all cables are neatly tucked away and secured to avoid any damage or interference with other components.

When performing cable management, use only velcro or plastic zip ties. Never use plastic-coated wire twist ties, as they contain wire that, if used too close to any exposed circuit board or bare metal, could cause a short.

Power Supply Requirements: The power supply is one of the most critical components of a computer, and it's essential to make sure you get the right one. A power supply that isn't powerful enough can cause your computer to crash, and one that is too powerful can waste energy and increase your electricity bill. Make sure that your power supply can handle the wattage required by your components.

Also, use a modular power supply if possible. With a modular power supply, you only have to attach the cables required for the components inside your case. For example, if you use only M.2 SSDs (Solid State Drive) for storage, you would not need to attach any SATA cables to the power supply, thus saving space inside the case.

How to estimate the power required for your custom-built computer

Cooling: The components inside your computer generate a lot of heat, and it's essential to keep them cool. If your computer overheats, it can cause damage to the components, shorten their lifespan, and even cause them to fail. Make sure you have enough cooling, either through fans or liquid cooling, to keep your computer running at optimal temperatures.

When it comes to the airflow direction, I usually will have air coming in through the front/bottom of the case and going out through the top/back of the case.

Case fans typically are marked with the direction of both the fan blades and airflow.

In conclusion, building your own computer can be a fun and rewarding experience, but it's essential to avoid these common problems. Take your time, do your research, and make sure that you choose the right components that are compatible with one another. Always double-check that everything is installed correctly and that you have enough cooling and space for all the components. With the right approach, you can build a computer that meets your needs and performs well for years to come.

Is your desktop computer not starting up? Are there no lights or fans coming on when you try to start your desktop computer? If so, here is what to do when your desktop computer does not start.

Dealing with a desktop computer that won't start can be a frustrating experience, especially if you rely on it for work, entertainment, or both. However, before you panic and assume the worst, there are a few things you can do to troubleshoot the issue.

Disconnect external devices

If your desktop computer is not starting up, it could be due to a failed external device connected to it. Disconnect all external devices, including USB drives, external hard drives, and printers. Try booting up your desktop computer again and see if it works.

Check the power connection

Next, you will want to ensure your computer is properly plugged in and that all cables are securely connected. This may sound obvious, but it's a common mistake that can easily be overlooked. Check that the power cable is securely plugged into the computer's power supply and an electrical outlet. Additionally, ensure that your monitor, keyboard, and mouse are all connected properly.

Check the PSU (Power Supply Unit)

If your computer still won't start, the next step is to check for any signs of life. Do you hear any sounds when you press the power button? Can you see any lights on the computer or monitor? If the answer is no to both of these questions, there may be an issue with your power supply.

Now, there are different types of desktop computers: Mid/Full-size Tower, Small Form Factor (SFF), All-In-One, Mini, etc. With the various types of desktop computers come different types of power supplies. Some are external, and some are internal.

External power supplies

Mini, All-In-One, and some SFF computers are actually built on a laptop platform and use external power supplies. Remember that the output from any power supply, internal or external, will gradually diminish to a point where your computer will not start.

And even if you do not turn on and use your Mini, All-In-One, or SFF computer, the power supply is often connected to an AC jack, powered up, and energized. If your external power supply is more than three years old, it is likely time to replace it.

Internal power supplies

All Mid/Full-size Tower and most SFF computers use internal power supplies and use the ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) specification for connectors. Mid/Full-size Tower power supplies are the most common and are readily available at your local computer parts store.

Almost all SFF computers that use internal power supplies are specifically designed (in terms of dimensions, connectors, etc.) for that system. You would have to use the part number on the existing power supply to order another one online.

Note: The following procedures require opening the case of your computer. If you do not feel comfortable taking your desktop computer apart, don't hesitate to contact a local computer repair technician.

Most desktop computer cases are relatively easy to open. Just a screw or two secures the side panel to the case. If you need help determining how to open the case, you may need to find a user manual online. A quick Google search for the make and model of your desktop computer, combined with user manual, should yield a manual. For example: Dell XPS 8950 user manual.

Now, all Mid and Full-size Towers, as well as some SFF computers use power supplies with 20+4 motherboard connectors. You can perform a simple test to check the health of those types of desktop power supplies.

How to tell if your desktop computer power supply has failed

Check for debugging LEDs

If the power supply tests out well, the next step is to check for debugging LEDs. To determine if your motherboard has debugging LEDs, you will need to consult its manual. A quick Google search for the make and model of your desktop computer or motherboard, along with manual, should provide you with a manual. For example: Dell XPS 8950 manual.

The debugging LEDs correspond to the POST (Pre-Operative Self Test) that happens every time you start your computer. The standard four (4) debugging LEDs are CPU (Central Processing Unit), DRAM (Dynamic Random-Access Memory), GPU (Graphics Processor Unit), and Boot drive.

If your motherboard has debugging LEDs, disconnect the power cord from the power supply and then hold down the power button for 30 seconds. Then reconnect the power cord and watch the debugging LEDs for any life. If your computer shuts down when a particular LED lights up, that is the component that needs to be examined.

Reseat the components

If your desktop computer still won't start, try reseating the components, including the GPU, memory, CPU, expansion cards, and M.2 drives. Make sure you disconnect the power cord from your desktop computer and hold down the power button for thirty (30) seconds to discharge any residual electrical current before attempting to reseat any of the components.

In conclusion, if your desktop computer doesn't start, several potential causes should be considered. Following the troubleshooting steps outlined above, you should be able to identify and fix the issue in most cases. However, if you still have problems after trying these steps, it may be time to consult a professional computer repair service.

Whether you are building a new computer or replacing/upgrading your existing one, one of the most important considerations is the Power Supply Unit (PSU). PSUs are vital, as they provide the necessary energy for each component to operate efficiently while ensuring system stability and longevity. Here's a comprehensive guide on how to estimate the power required for your custom-built computer.

Before diving into calculations, it's essential to understand what contributes to a computer's total power consumption. Each component in your build, such as the CPU, GPU, motherboard, RAM, storage devices, and peripheral components, draws a certain amount of power during operation. The total power consumption of the system will influence the size of the PSU you need to purchase.

List your components

Begin by listing all the components you plan to include in your build. The primary components typically consist of:

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The power requirement varies significantly among different models. Check the manufacturer's specifications (Thermal Design Power (TDP)) for this value.
• Graphic Processing Unit (GPU): This is often the most significant power consumer in a modern gaming PC. Again, manufacturers provide TDP ratings for graphics cards.
• Motherboard: While motherboards consume less power compared to CPUs and GPUs, it's still necessary to account for this.
• Memory (RAM): Each stick typically consumes between 2 and 5 watts of power.
• Storage: SSDs consume less power than HDDs, but still contribute to overall power consumption.
• Cooling systems: Fans and liquid cooling systems also draw power.
• Peripherals: Keyboards, mice, and other peripherals (especially lighting effects) can add to the power requirement.

Use an online PSU calculator

Using an online power supply calculator can simplify the process of estimating your total power needs. Various websites, see links below, offer interactive tools where you can input your components. These calculators take into consideration the specifications you provide and offer estimates based on average power consumption, including some headroom for future upgrades and peak loads.

Now, some online power supply calculators can estimate the power requirements given the specifications of the components. You can use these websites to calculate a rough estimate of the amount of power your computer will require. Here are a few online power supply calculators.

Newegg - Power Supply Calculator

PC builds - Power Supply Calculator

Cooler Master - Power Supply Calculator

Once you have a rough estimate of the power requirements for your components, add some extra headroom to ensure stable and reliable performance. A good rule of thumb is to choose a PSU that can provide at least 20 - 30% more power than your estimated requirements.

Calculate total wattage

If you prefer a manual method, follow these steps to calculate your system's wattage:

1. Find power ratings: Look up the power requirements for each component (generally available on manufacturer websites or retail listings). Write them down.
2. Total up power consumption: Sum the power ratings from each component.
   For example:
   - CPU: 95 watts
   - GPU: 300 watts
   - Motherboard: 75 watts
   - RAM: 16 watts (2 sticks x 8 watts each)
   - Storage: 10 watts (SSD and HDD combined)
   - Cooling: 20 watts (for 4 fans)
   Total power consumption = 95 + 300 + 75 + 16 + 10 + 20 = 516 watts
3. Add overhead: It's essential to add a safety margin to ensure stable performance. It is common practice is to add about 20-30% more power on top of your total wattage. This might look like:
   516 watts x 1.3 = 670.8 watts

Therefore, a 750-watt PSU would be a safe choice.

Consider efficiency ratings

When selecting a PSU, consider the efficiency rating, which indicates how well a power supply converts AC power from the wall outlet into DC power for the computer. PSUs are rated based on efficiency standards, such as the 80 PLUS standard. Here are the tiers:

• 80 PLUS Bronze: 82% efficiency at 20% and 100% load, 85% at 50% load.
• 80 PLUS Silver: 85% efficiency at 20% and 100% load, 88% at 50% load.
• 80 PLUS Gold: 87% efficiency at 20% and 100% load, 90% at 50% load.
• 80 PLUS Platinum: 90% efficiency at 20% and 100% load, 92% at 50% load.
• 80 PLUS Titanium: 90% efficiency at 10% and 100% load, 94% at 20% load.

Selecting a more efficient PSU can allow you to choose a PSU with slightly lower wattage, as it operates more effectively under load.

Plan for future upgrades

If you plan to upgrade your system in the coming years (e.g., adding more storage or upgrading your GPU), consider purchasing a PSU with a higher wattage than what you currently need. This foresight can save you money in the long run.

Estimating the power required for your custom-built computer is vital for ensuring system stability and efficiency. By carefully listing out your components, using online calculators or manual calculations, taking into account efficiency ratings, and planning for future upgrades, you can select the most suitable PSU for your build. A robust and reliable power supply is the backbone of any custom PC, and making the right choice can enhance not just performance, but also the longevity of your components.

Have you ever looked at a computer's specifications and wondered what that information meant? Technical jargon can be confusing. So here are some of the most commonly defined technical verbiage.

The vocabulary that the computer industry uses can be confusing at times. The different technical jargon can make your head spin. So here are the definitions for some of the most commonly used technical verbiage.

Motherboard

Chipset - An integrated circuit that controls data transfer functions - Chipsets are designed to work with specific CPUs and provide communication between the CPU and the other devices connected to the motherboard. Chipsets have a direct role in determining system performance.

Form Factor - The physical dimensions of a device or component - Motherboards come in various form factors, from the ultra-small mini-ITX to a full-size ATX. Always verify what motherboard form factor your computer case can hold.

CPU Socket - It holds the CPU and provides mechanical and electrical connection between the motherboard and processor - AMD and Intel use completely different socket types (Intel uses LGA, and AMD uses sWRX8, sTRX4, etc.). Be sure to confirm the CPU socket before purchasing a new motherboard.

Memory Slots - They hold memory modules and provide mechanical and electrical connections between the motherboard and memory - Desktop and laptop motherboards usually have 2 - 4 memory slots. Server motherboards can have up to 32 memory slots.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Core - A Core is a separate processing unit inside the CPU that executes the instructions that the user initiates, such as running programs and completing complex calculations - All modern CPUs have multiple cores to run several processes simultaneously.

Thread - A thread is a sequence of programmed instructions - You will usually find two (2) Threads using one (1) Core. This is where the term multithread comes from.

Generation - A CPU Generation is the average time between product release cycles - This period is usually one (1) year.

Clock Rate - The frequency/speed that the CPU operates at - The higher the clock rate is, the faster a CPU can process instructions.

Memory

Type - The physical interface that connects the memory module to the motherboard - Memory modules come in various types, from the standard DDR (Double Data Rate) to Double Data Rate 5 (DDR5).

Speed - The frequency at which the memory operates - Memory speed is measured by transfers per second. For example, PC5-38400 can handle 4,800 transfers per second.

Capacity - The amount of data the memory module can hold - The capacity of a memory module is always a multiple of 2 (2, 4, 8,16, 32, 64, etc.).

Column Address Strobe (CAS) Latency - The delay in clock cycles it takes between when data is read and when it is available for use - When selecting memory, always use modules with the same CAS latency. Using memory modules that have different CAS latency can cause system instability.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Form Factor - The physical dimensions of a device or component - HDDs come in 3.5" or 2.5" widths. The height of 2.5" HDDs can vary between 7MM and 9MM.

Capacity - The amount of data the drive can hold - HDD capacity can vary from Gigabytes (GB) to Terabytes (TB).

Interface - The physical connection between the motherboard and HDD - All HDDs utilize a SATA interface connection.

Revolutions Per Minute (RPM) - The speed at which the platters inside of an HDD spins - The faster the HDD platter spins, the quicker data is transferred.

Cache - The embedded memory that acts as a buffer between the motherboard and drive - Normally, the larger the cache, the better performance you will get from the HDD.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Form Factor - The physical dimensions of a device or component - SSDs come in various physical forms (sizes); 2.5", M.2, and U.2. M.2 SSDs also come in various widths and lengths. The code that follows M.2 is that particular drive's width and length in millimeters. For example, an M.2 2280 has a width of 22MM and a length of 80MM.

Capacity - The amount of data the drive can hold - SSD capacity can vary from Gigabytes (GB) to Terabytes (TB).

Interface - The physical connection between the motherboard and SSD - There are primarily three (3) types of interfaces; SATA 3, PCI-e 3, and NVMe. What type of interface is determined by the form factor. 2.5" drives use SATA 3, and M.2 drives use either PCI-e 3 or NVMe. M.2 drives also have key notches: B key, M key, or both.

Memory Type - Most SSDs use NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) - NVMe has become the default standard memory for most SSDs produced.

Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)

Power Requirements - The amount of power required to operate the GPU - Most GPUs require one (1) PCIe 6 or 8-pin power connector, with some high-end graphic cards requiring a 16-pin PCIe 5 connector.

Interface - The physical connection between the motherboard and graphics card - Most GPUs require a PCIe x16 slot using the same PCIe version (3.0, 4.0, 5.0, etc.) as the motherboard.

Memory - The physical amount of memory embedded on the graphics card - Graphics cards use a type of memory designed explicitly for processing graphics called Graphics Double Data Rate (GDDR). There are multiple versions of GDDR, including GDDR5, GDDR6, and GDDR7.

Speed - The frequency at which the GPU operates - GPU clock speed is how many processing cycles it can execute in a second.

Power Supply Unit (PSU)

Type - PSU types are based on the different computer case form factors - The majority of PSUs are ATX form factor, as it is the most popular case type.

Power Output - The rated maximum wattage that a PSU can deliver - A PSU output can range from 400W to over 1500W.

Modular / Non-Modular - The type of physical connection for the different power cables leading to the various devices - Non-modular PSUs have all of the device connections physically attached; modular PSUs have separate cables for each type of device, so you only have to connect the cables for the devices you need to power.